历史档案之清代人物系列-和珅
清代人物系列之“大贪官和珅”
编者：陈人豪
姓名：钮祜禄•和珅
介绍：他是清代乾隆朝的重要官员，也是乾隆皇帝身边的大红人。年仅27岁就当上了军机大臣。他不单政绩显著，天资聪慧，会说满、蒙、汉、藏语之外，“中国历史上大贪官”这个称号更让人印象深刻。他被嘉庆皇帝赐死之后，经查“家产竟然是当时国库的四倍。时人称为“和珅跌倒，嘉庆吃饱””[1]。
乾隆皇帝
*乾隆皇帝：康熙皇帝的孙子，嘉庆皇帝的父亲。自称“十全老人”。
生平：和珅小时候就双亲亡故，他和弟弟相依为命。“入宫后，他学习刻苦，聪明勤奋，读书过目不忘。”[2]在仅仅几年，就从一个三从侍卫升到军机大臣兼户、吏、兵部尚书。他是一朝宠臣，但过后下场悲惨。等到乾隆皇帝一驾崩，他的儿子嘉庆皇帝把和珅“革职下狱，抄家籍产…被赐自尽。”[3]
他住的地方后来变成了“恭王府”，恭亲王奕的住宅。
（以下图是恭王府）
亚太图书出版的《中华文字的故事》就有讲述和珅和朝廷同僚纪晓岚的趣味故事。纪晓岚是个幽默，喜欢开玩笑的人。和珅为他的儿子盖了一座新书亭，邀请纪晓岚题匾。纪晓岚写了“竹苞”两个大字。和珅觉得很符合周边竹林的环境，连声叫好。一天，乾隆皇帝御驾光临。看到“竹苞”两个大字的匾，立刻大笑说到:“这不是纪学士在取笑你的儿子“个个草包”吗？”
*“竹苞”拆开来是“个个草包”。
*纪晓岚：经历雍正、乾隆、嘉庆三朝的元老。颇有成就，才华过人。乾隆朝担任过协办大学士等重要官职。乾隆皇帝很重用他，并且特许他在紫禁城里骑马。中国内地拍摄一系列关于他的戏剧，《铁齿铜牙纪晓岚》。
Name: Niuhulu Heshen
Introduction: He is not only an important court official in Qing dynasty, but he is also one of Emperor Qianlong’s favourite officials. He rose up quickly to the crème of the crop, promoted to Military Secretary at the age of 27. He is not only being known as capable in affairs of the state, but is also eloquent in the Manchu, Mongolian, Han (Mandarin) and Tibet languages. However, he is most popularly recognized as“the major corrupt official in China”. After he was bestowed death by Emperor Jiaqing, his home was seized and his confiscated possessions were 4 times the amount of the country’s treasury. There was a popular saying: “Heshen tripped and fell, Jiaqing eat one’s fill” (meaning “one man’s success is another man’s failure”).
Emperor Qianlong
*Emperor Qianlong: The grandson of Emperor Kangxi, the father of Emperor Jiaqing. He claims to be “the perfect elder”.
His life: Heshen lost his parents at a tender age; he and his brother relied on each other for survival. After he entered the palace, he studied so hard to the extent that he remembers by heart after reading any book once. In only a few years, he was promoted from a guard to Military secretary and concurrently Minister for the army, finance and civil office. Despite being a favourite courtier, he had a tragic end to his life. He was bestowed death and his possessions seized by Emperor Jiaqing once Emperor Qianlong had passed away.
The picture below shows his old home, afterwards being known as Prince Kung’s mansion.
There is this interesting story that tells how his colleague Ji Xiaolan makes fun of him. He Shen built a new pavilion for his son; he invited Ji Xiaolan to write a few words on a plaque so that he could put it up proudly. Ji Xiaolan wrote 2 words “zhu bao” (meaning bamboo). He Shen thought that the 2 words fit the surroundings of bamboo and pines, thus was very happy at the work. Then, one day, Emperor Qianlong came for a visit. He saw the plaque and laughed, said: “Ji Xiaolan is teasing you; he is saying that your son is a waster!” (The Chinese word “zhu bao” can be split into a few parts, turning into the meaning “waster”).
*“zhu bao” is “竹苞”, waster is “个个草包”。
*Ji Xiaolan: He lived through the eras of Emperor Yongzheng, Qianlong and Jiaqing. He is a very talented and accomplished court official. He held the post of joint-secretary of grand council and other various important ranks. Emperor Qianlong held him in high regard, allowing him to be on horseback in the Forbidden City.
In China, there is a popular television drama about him, named “the eloquent and witty Ji Xiaolan” (The actual drama name in Hanyu Pinyin is “tie chi tong ya ji xiao lan”).
[1] 文渊：《你不可不知的历史典故》，（陕西师范大学出版社，2009年），第108页。
[2] http://www.pgm.org.cn/history/character/character1/
[3] http://www.pgm.org.cn/history/character/character1/
参考资料及图片来源：
1）http://baike.baidu.com/view/19534.htm
2）http://baike.baidu.com/view/4683.htm
3）http://www.pgm.org.cn/history/character/character1/
4）兴华：《和珅秘传（上）》，（国家图书馆出版社，2009年）。
5）亚太编辑部：《中华文字的故事》，（亚太图书有限公司，2009年），第100-101页。
6）www.nciku.com
7）http://www.pgm.org.cn/experience/charm/
8）http://songjiaweini.blog.163.com/blog/static/1829644120086148017286/
9）http://www.pgm.org.cn/history/character/
编者申明：本文尽心还原真确如实的史料，但其中可能会出现资料上的讹误。此外，抑或有翻译不准确，不恰当之处等。冀望读者自行判断，后果自负。编者欢迎任何评点意见或修正建议，让下一期的文章写得更好！
Editor’s note: This article deems to provide true and accurate historical facts in this entry. However, there may be factual errors or typos. In addition, there may also be inaccurate or inappropriate translations. Readers please determine on your own and read at your own risks. The editor welcomes all comments and feedback.
[1] 文渊：《你不可不知的历史典故》，（陕西师范大学出版社，2009年），第108页。
[2] http://www.pgm.org.cn/history/character/character1/
[3] http://www.pgm.org.cn/history/character/character1/
参考资料及图片来源：
1）http://baike.baidu.com/view/19534.htm
2）http://baike.baidu.com/view/4683.htm
3）http://www.pgm.org.cn/history/character/character1/
4）兴华：《和珅秘传（上）》，（国家图书馆出版社，2009年）。
5）亚太编辑部：《中华文字的故事》，（亚太图书有限公司，2009年），第100-101页。
6）www.nciku.com
7）http://www.pgm.org.cn/experience/charm/
8）http://songjiaweini.blog.163.com/blog/static/1829644120086148017286/
9）http://www.pgm.org.cn/history/character/
编者申明：本文尽心还原真确如实的史料，但其中可能会出现资料上的讹误。此外，抑或有翻译不准确，不恰当之处等。冀望读者自行判断，后果自负。编者欢迎任何评点意见或修正建议，让下一期的文章写得更好！
Editor’s note: This article deems to provide true and accurate historical facts in this entry. However, there may be factual errors or typos. In addition, there may also be inaccurate or inappropriate translations. Readers please determine on your own and read at your own risks. The editor welcomes all comments and feedback.
